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Football manager 2016no key1/26/2024 Do the annual upgrades or additions justify a AAA price tag of a new game? Not even remotely. My biggest gripe with the series is that it is released every single year as a new game with a AAA price tag. The Football Manager series has lots of pros, like some depth and tons of replayablility, but its cons are obnoxious enough to merit a downvote as far as I'm concerned. There is no need to buy the new game each year, so I have plenty of time left with this game. Regardless, it’s a fantastic game that I know I’ll return to over the next few years. I just feel that it’s almost a bit too much of a commitment. Which isn’t necessarily a bad thing depending on what type of player you are. It’s a great game, but unfortunately you cannot play any other games while you juggle this one in to your rotation. The first preseason setup took about three hours before I got to see my first non-friendly match. I completely expected this going into it, but the amount of control of the smallest details of your team consumes so much time in between matches that you don’t experience the matches and forward momentum nearly as much as you do in the Mobile games. The biggest issue I have with this game is that it’s such a slow burn. It gets you into the matches quicker while sacrificing the amount of control you have. I personally prefer Football Manager Mobile because it’s a little more streamlined. This is not a casual game by any means, you either go in loving it or it’s too overwhelming. There isn’t much to say about this game, as it is exactly what it sets out to be. The amount of depth and control that you have over your team is not comparable to any other game. Finally decided to go into the full game, and it’s intense. I am coming from Football Manager Mobile, which I have spent many years with. However for any versions that included a steam key once that key has been activated it cannot be deactivated, though FM10 and FM11 (not sure about FM12?) steam was optional so those versions can still use the disk if the steam key has been used, but any after that I'd stay clear of second hand copies as they are useless unless they clearly state the steam key is unused.Absolutely not a game for everyone, but if this game checks the boxes for you, buckle up because you’ll spend a ton of time with it. FM09 was the only one where you needed (or could) deactivate the game after installing, however this could be done by whoever had the key, though with Uniloc gone I think SI removed the protection in one of the patches. There is no need for piracy is there?įor older versions there isn't even any key to enter - you just need to have the DVD in your disk drive (though playing these on modern Windows might be a problem as Microsoft stopped some of the copy protection systems from working). If you have a 2nd hand copy providing the original installation was removed then you can install it elsewhere. If you have the original then you have the key and can install it. If its second hand then providing it was uninstalled before sale then its likely you can just enter the key during your Not sure there is any irony. If you have an original pre steam version then it will have the installation key on the manual in the DVD box.
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Rimworld tips sleeping1/26/2024 If, however, a low chance arrest is attempted and failed, then a melee fight will ensue and the colonist could be injured or killed during the process so keep an eye on the arrest to make sure everything is going to plan. If the arrest is successful and the drafted colonist manages to overpower the criminal, they will handcuff them immediately and drag the enemy to their rightful place in the clink. If it's a risky arrest and the suspect in question looks quite handy, potential injuries can be mitigated by sending a colonist with the best armor who is reasonably tooled up and with good stats. Try using a different colonist and see if the chance of success can be improved. If the chance is below 50% it is recommended to abort that attempt, with that particular colonist acting as a police officer at least. If the chance is less than 100% this represents the risk that the arrest process might not go as swimmingly as a player may have envisioned. This will provide a further menu from which Try to Arrest 100% Chance will hopefully appear. With the colonist drafted, hover over the enemy NPC with the cursor and select interact (X on Xbox / Square on PS). but, for what it's worth, this statement applies to most of the tasks players can accomplish in the game. The steps involved in this process are numerous and somewhat complicated. This is easier said than done, with many people not really having a clue on how to do the same. One way that players can increase the size of their colony is by converting prisoners into loyal members of the settlement. Players who get through this initial hurdle will be rewarded with one of the deepest and most engaging titles around as they try to ensure the survival of the colonists and ensure the steady growth of their settlement while setting up their defenses and eventually building a ship that will help them escape to their home planet. Updated Augby Ritwik Mitra: Rimworld is one of the greatest simulation games fans can check out, with the steep barrier to entry being the only reason why more people haven't checked this game out for themselves. Who can be arrested? Attacking raiders who haven't already been turned into mincemeat or set upon by trained monkeys, visiting NPC's poking their nose in where it's not wanted, even the player's dear colonists themselves can be arrested and imprisoned in Rimworld. That's when it's time to lay down the law and start making arrests like a renegade Clint Eastwood character. RELATED: How To Make Herbal Medicine In Rimworld Billed as a "Story Creator" it certainly provides players with their own unique narrative of triumph and despair as they struggle to maintain an efficient Utopia of hardened survivors but invariably end up with a gaggle of unpredictable and needy troublemakers, living in a burning ruin where everybody hates each other. The colony management sim from Ludeon Studios Rimworld was the number one player-reviewed game on Steam in 2018 and was recently made available on console.
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Crysis remastered trilogy platinum1/26/2024 The gameplay was fine, I liked the removal of the time limit and alchemy was a little more refined, but overall still the worst Dusk game) #483 - Sherlock Holmes: The Devil's Daughter (Had a lot of fun replaying this one, played it years ago. Sequel bait for a fourth game, unanswered questions, and just very anticlimatic in general. Which are great for story in your first run but really need a skip option on further runs) #481 - Toem (Nifty little indie, thanks to PS+ for offering it) #482 - Atelier Shallie: Alchemists of the Dusk Sea (A disappointing end to the trilogy. The story was good, but none of the side content was tbh, and replaying missions for golds really dragged with all the slow horseriding/walking parts. Such a great game) #480 - Red Dead Redemption 2 (A very stressful one as I was rushing to get it done before Sony removed it from PS+ because they announced its removal right after I started. Not a bad game, but definitely not as memorable as I was expecting) 100% - Resident Evil 4 (Wonderful game, on par with the first Resi and better than 2/3 remakes imo) #478 - Nightmares from the Deep 3: Davy Jones (An okay end to the trilogy but Artifex really need to stop copy/pasting the exact same puzzles with a different coat of paint into every game.) #479 - Ghostrunner (Loved it on PS4 and loved doing it again on PS5. My plats/completions since my last update: #476 - The Dark Pictures Anthology: Man of Medan (decent game, but not as good as Until Dawn was and outstayed its welcome a bit) #477 - The Silver Case HD (Disappointing after all the hype. I appear to be the third fastest obtainer of the PS5 Platinum now. Platinum #281 - Knockout City (PS5) - The servers for this game are shutting down in June so I went ahead and did the online trophies for this. Lawrence section had a standalone Battlefield game. I boosted the online trophies for this then did the campaign. Platinum #279 - Battlefield 1 (PS4) - For whatever reason, I did a pattern for the Platinums (3 - 2 -1). I appear to be the last obtainer of Crysis 2 (PS3) Platinum. Delta difficulty was a little easier than I thought. Platinum #278 - Crysis 2 (PS3) - Did the online trophies years ago and the campaign wasn't bad. Platinum #277 - Far Cry 3 (PS3) - Did the co-op trophies so I went back to this for the Platinum. Platinum #276 - Need for Speed: Most Wanted (PS3) - Finally Platinum'ed this but I want to go back for the 100% for the rest of the online trophies. Platinum #275 - God of War III Remastered (PS4) - Had done the other God of War games except for the reboot so I went back and did this near the start of the year. Platinum #274 - Infamous: First Light (PS4) - Did this at the start of the year and was a lot of fun to do. I always do a bit of trophy padding at the end of the year. Platinum #273 - ZJ The Ball (Level 1) (PS4) - Less it's spoken about the better.
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Lattice energy of nacl vs naf1/26/2024 The enthalpy change, Δ H, for a chemical reaction is approximately equal to the sum of the energy required to break all bonds in the reactants (energy “in,” positive sign) plus the energy released when all bonds are formed in the products (energy “out,” negative sign). An endothermic reaction (Δ H positive, heat absorbed) results when the bonds in the products are weaker than those in the reactants. An exothermic reaction (Δ H negative, heat produced) results when the bonds in the products are stronger than the bonds in the reactants. Calculations of this type will also tell us whether a reaction is exothermic or endothermic. We can use bond energies to calculate approximate enthalpy changes for reactions where enthalpies of formation are not available. Average Bond Lengths and Bond Energies for Some Common Bonds For example, C–F is 439 kJ/mol, C–Cl is 330 kJ/mol, and C–Br is 275 kJ/mol. When one atom bonds to various atoms in a group, the bond strength typically decreases as we move down the group. Average bond energies for some common bonds appear in Table 1, and a comparison of bond lengths and bond strengths for some common bonds appears in Table 2. Thus, we find that triple bonds are stronger and shorter than double bonds between the same two atoms likewise, double bonds are stronger and shorter than single bonds between the same two atoms. Generally, as the bond strength increases, the bond length decreases. The strength of a bond between two atoms increases as the number of electron pairs in the bond increases. The 415 kJ/mol value is the average, not the exact value required to break any one bond. Although the four C–H bonds are equivalent in the original molecule, they do not each require the same energy to break once the first bond is broken (which requires 439 kJ/mol), the remaining bonds are easier to break. The average C–H bond energy, D C–H, is 1660/4 = 415 kJ/mol because there are four moles of C–H bonds broken per mole of the reaction. The others are progressively more insoluble in water (K sp is 10 -10, 10 -13, and 10 -16 for AgCl, AgBr, and AgI), reflecting increasing covalency as Δχ decreases.\) Of these compounds, only AgF is soluble in water and should be thought of as an ionic compound. Our lattice energy calculation overestimates the ionic contribution in the case of the heavier silver halides, but underestimates the covalent contribution. The covalent bonding contribution to the lattice energies of AgCl, AgBr, and AgI makes these salts sparingly soluble in water.Īgain, we can interpret the fortuitous agreement between the calculated and experimentally obtained energies in terms of compensating errors. This reaction is used as a qualitative test for the presence of halide ions in solutions. Should we interpret the good agreement with values calculated from the ionic model to mean that these compounds are ionic? Clearly, this description is inappropriate for AgI, where the electronegativity difference Δχ is only 0.6 (compare this value to 0.4 for a C-H bond, which we typically view as non-polar).Ī drop of siver nitrate solution, when added to a dilute hydrochloric acid solution, results in the immediate formation of a white silver chloride precipitate. However we are still obtaining answers within about 12% error even for AgI. Looking at the table, we see that the error is small for AgF and becomes progressively larger for the heavier silver halides. It is interesting to repeat this exercise for the silver halides, which have either the NaCl structure (AgF, AgCl, AgBr) or zincblende structure (AgI). The errors in this case are only about 1% of E L. The table below shows results of more detailed lattice energy calculations for ionic fluorides in which the van der Waals term is explicitly included. We can do better by explicitly including the short-range van der Waals attractive energy between ions. The two errors partially compensate, so the overall error in the calculation is small. If we underestimate the attractive energy of the crystal lattice, the energy minimization criterion ensures that the repulsion energy is underestimated as well. This is because we used energy minimization to obtain the repulsion energy in the Born-Mayer equation. The result is promising because we neglected the van der Waals term.īut.how did we get away with neglecting the van der Waals term? Here we have to subtract 2RT to convert our cycle of energies to a cycle of enthalpies, because we are compressing two moles of gas in making NaCl(s) and PΔV = ΔnRT, where Δn = -2.Įxperimentally ΔH f for NaCl is -411 kJ/molīecause all the other numbers in the cycle are known accurately, the error in our calculation is only about 15 kJ (about 2% of E L).
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Showbox movies online1/26/2024 One of the best apps out there that’s compatible with Showbox. If you don’t have this already installed, head straight to the play store and install MX Player. MX Player: This is one player that you must have on your smartphone.But in order to enjoy all the features to their full capacity, it’s recommended that your device meets certain spec requirements – Can I run Showbox App on any Android smartphone? You can also check out the video guide below. Click “Install” and the Showbox app will get installed in just a few seconds! The app will notify you of the access permissions.Next, tap on the downloaded APK to begin the installation.You will find “Unknown Sources” Toggle the button to allow installation of apps from sources other than the Play Store.Since the APK is not available on Play Store, you will have to enable installation from Unknown Sources to successfully install Showbox app.Just download APK file on your phone, install it and start watching your favorite movies! How To Install Showboxįollow these simple steps to install Showbox app on your Android smartphone: Rather than hide the content behind the paywall or force users to fill out comprehensive surveys, the app has a very simple two-button interface that you can use to watch your favorite movies wherever you are! The Showbox app download link is available on our website. Showbox App aims to revolutionize the way in which people consume media on their phones. The Showbox app free download makes it easy for people to turn their phone or tablet into a home cinema! If you have a 4G connection on your phone, it won’t take long for you to start streaming a free movie while on the go! The app is regularly updated with all of the latest movies so you won’t even have to stick with a boring library! Once the movie has been downloaded, just press “watch now” to start streaming! Why Showbox App Download? Here, you can choose the resolution at which you wish to view the movie, and you can also download the film for later viewing. The app was designed to regulate the use of resources, so it doesn’t even hog your phone and slow it down.When you tap on any movie you want to watch, the app shows you a brief synopsis of the film’s plot and gives you streaming options. The Showbox app Android is extremely responsive, so you don’t have to worry about any glitches or crashes while in the middle of the movie. You can watch the movie directly on your phone or tablet, or stream it on a ChromeCast. The main screen is filled with tons of movies that you can browse through. At the top of the screen, you will notice four tabs: Movies, Shows, My Library, and Updates. How Does Showbox App Work?ĭownload and Install Showbox APK (APK stands for Android Applications Package which is a file format for Android OS) on your phone, and just click on the icon to start the app. Who says you can bookmark only on Google Chrome? Showbox app allows it too! Found an interesting movie to catch up on later? All you need to do is bookmark the movie! It saves you the hassle of finding that movie all over again. Just get started with this easy-to-navigate Showbox app and you’ll begin to love the user-interface in no time! Bookmark Movies and more Showbox isn’t one of those – it’s got user-friendly navigation that lets you avoid all the ridiculous prompts and other navigation guides. There are some apps out there that make you despise the app the moment you start to navigate. Movies you wouldn’t want to miss and movies you can watch in high-quality! Can’t get better than this! Amazingly easy navigation Once you download and install Showbox app, it provides you the most recent, popular and in demand movies. Showbox is the one-stop destination for great, high-quality movies! Most recent movies and TV shows You’ll never have to hunt for good prints again. Almost all movies that you find on Showbox are in high definition. Showbox isn’t one of those apps which offer low-quality CAM prints. While we’re pretty sure you’ll thank us later for suggesting this wonderful app, we’ll anyway attempt to convince you about why you should install Showbox on your phone right away! High-Quality Print Solutions for frequently encountered Showbox problemsīefore you download and install Showbox, it’s quite natural to ask yourself “Why should I download and install Showbox? What’s in it for me?”.Is the Showbox Available only for Android?.Can I run Showbox App on any Android smartphone?.
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Undercover tourist disney world ticket1/26/2024 You might be talking to someone who has never even been to Disneyland and can only provide you with limited insight into your vacation based on the bullet points on the screen in front of them. The size of this call center isn’t necessarily an advantage because the employees answering the phone don’t receive the same individual commitment you see over at Get Away Today. Undercover Tourist operates more in the genre of an online retailer and has a large call center. The employees at Get Away Today will devote their time to helping guests plan from the first phone call to assisting with potential emergencies when you arrive at your destination. When you purchase discount tickets from Get Away Today, you will also receive the award-winning customer service from Get Away Today which is dedicated to assisting you through each step of your vacation. Get Away Today is not just an online provider of Disneyland tickets but is a full-service travel agency that is committed to supporting you during your vacation. When you call to book a Disneyland vacation, you are talking to experts that frequently visit the area and the Disneyland Resort which is an essential firsthand experience. This close relationship Get Away Today has with its employees enhances its customer service on so many levels. This yearly “fam” trip gives everyone working in their call centers a first-hand experience with the theme parks and personal knowledge of the hotels. Each year Get Away Today takes its employees on a trip around the Disneyland Resort area, staying at multiple hotels. This close relationship with the Anaheim area is demonstrated by Get Away Today employee knowledge of the resort. This long relationship, not just with Disneyland but the Anaheim area, provides a level of insight into vacation planning in Southern California that many other companies can’t beat. Get Away Today has been working with Disneyland since 1990 and are the oldest ticket reseller. Undercover Tourist: Best Customer Service? Who Has the Best Ticket Insurance Options?. Undercover Tourist: Longest Disney Partner? Booking Discount Disneyland Hotel Packages.Does Get Away Today or Undercover Tourist Have Better Disneyland Prices?.
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Bsnes near1/26/2024 There was a big rewrite in 2019? I haven't been following these things. You can't do that with NDEs or the idea that there's consciousness outside the brain, but I've become convinced that doesn't make these phenomena any less real.Quote from: Jorpho on February 15, 2021, 12:02:41 AM Our scientific and medical training is based on material proof - we want to be able to measure something and hold it in our hands. There's a growing acceptance of NDEs, but they're still hard for many people to acknowledge. NDEs still happen in the life that we live day-to-day, but they connect us to a spiritual realm that we're not normally in touch with. There is a difference between the true afterlife and these experiences of being nearly dead. I believe there's a heaven, but it has nothing to do with this research. Sometimes, people point to NDEs as proof of the afterlife. I don't think NDEs are proof of the afterlife They often have a new interest in spirituality. The patients who report NDEs have more will to live and also a sense of peace. I've also seen how NDEs stay with patients as they recover. When I'm trying to restart someone's heart, I'm not thinking of NDEs or whether the patient's soul is hovering somewhere above me. I was conscious of the fact that an off-hand comment during surgery or resuscitation could be harmful. Hearing stories like Pam's convinced me that I could never be entirely sure that a patient couldn't hear me. Learning about NDEs changed how I cared for patients We'll never be able to prove them - we just have to take people at their word. These aspects are self-reported and private. I think of these as the transcendental aspects of an NDE. People also report moving through a tunnel, feeling immense pleasure, and being greeted by their deceased loved ones. Yet, the out-of-body experience is only one part of a typical NDE. It was a gift to have this happen in such a controlled environment since the vast majority of out-of-body experiences can't be corroborated. Pam's case shows that we can prove that out-of-body experiences can occur. Speaking with her convinced me that out-of-body experiences were a real phenomenon. There was no logical explanation for how she could know what had happened. Pam's experience was anchored within a well-documented surgery. I spent the next five years collecting accounts of out-of-body experiences and comparing them to the medical notes. As a scientist, I'm interested in documentation. That seemed so far-fetched that I could poke a hole in it easily. I focused on the out-of-body experience, where people report floating above or near their bodies while still being able to see and hear what's happening around them. That was enough for me to really become interested in NDEs. The third one I spoke to had had one of these experiences that I'd been convinced were fake. I asked older doctors whether they'd heard of NDEs, but they hadn't. I thought the whole idea was absolute hogwash.īut the social worker challenged me to investigate rather than just brush it off. I was doing my medical residency during the 1970s when a social worker introduced me to one of the first books written about near-death experiences - or NDEs. " It has been edited for length and clarity. Michael Sabom, who stars in the new film " After Death. This as-told-to essay is based on a conversation with Dr. Account icon An icon in the shape of a person's head and shoulders.
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Gifted netflix movie1/26/2024 The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Renting the movie will typically cost 3.99-5.99, while purchasing it can cost anywhere from 4.99. These services allow you to rent the movie for a short period of time (typically 48 hours) or purchase it outright. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Movies Gifted (2017) PG-13 Error: Forbidden About Gifted Frank, a single man raising his child prodigy niece Mary, is drawn into a custody battle with his mother. One of the easiest ways to watch Gifted is to rent or purchase it from a streaming service such as iTunes, Google Play, or Vudu. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Korapat Kirdpan Wachirawit Ruangwiwat Chatchawit Techarukpong Nichapalak Thongkham Wanchana Sawasdee Katreeya English Ramida Jiranorraphat Atthaphan Phunsawat Harit Cheewagaroon Patchata Janngeon Napasorn Weerayuttvilai. The show is centered around a family of mutants who are on the run from government forces after discovering that the children of the family have mutant powers. Based on the Marvel Comic’s X-Men the series takes place in X-Men film universe albeit in a separate timeline. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. TV Dramas, Thai, TV Shows Based on Books, Teen TV Shows, Fantasy TV Shows. The Gifted is an American television series created by Matt Nix at FOX. What are your favorite gifted kid movies? Please share in the comment section below. Like this blog post? Sign up for our email newsletter to get more like it delivered straight to your inbox. If you are celebrating the Academy Awards this weekend by enjoying a movie, we hope it will be one about a gifted kid! Not surprisingly, many of these are adaptations of novels, as there are a plethora of great books written about gifted children. Based on a discussion on the IEA Facebook page and a poll of the IEA staff, here are some of our community’s favorite movies about gifted kids (and gifted grown kids): In the spirit of the Academy Awards this weekend, we thought we would share a list of good movies featuring gifted children and young adults.
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Visual paradigm online review1/26/2024 This helps your team to develop the rest of the system. During the design process, you can understand not only the data structure but also the target system can be better.In addition, well-designed database leads to efficient data addition and retrieval. It provides a means for you to study the data structure, to make sure necessary tables and relationships are well included.Here are some of the benefits of database design: If you are planning a database with more than 10 tables, or even up to hundreds of tables, it would be better to consider designing the database prior to building it. However, this would hardly be the case in real world. You can simply use the management tools provided by the database management system, or run a few SQL statements to get the database built. If the database you are going to build consists of a few tables only, you do not need to design it at all. We can describe the relationship in everyday language by saying: A school intakes many students. School) contains only one record that associates with zero, one or many records in the referenced entity (i.e. It means that the entity with the primary key (i.e. In this case, it is a one-to-many relationship. In a real world scenario, there can be multiple students studying at the same school and therefore have the same school id.īetween the School and Student entities, there is a connector. Multiple student records can share the same School ID. Note that foreign keys need not be unique. It is a reference to the primary key Id in the School table. Student, another table, has a foreign key column, namely SchoolId. In other words, there must not be two (or more) school records that share the same id. A primary key is capable in uniquely defining records in a table. id is the primary key (PK) column, which is in bold and has a key symbol next to it. In the School table, there are two columns - id and name. School and Student are entities (note: In ERD, the term "entity" is often used instead of "table". The following is an ERD that depicts the tables for a simple school system. People use ERDs to model and design relational databases. Example: SchoolĪn entity relationship diagram (ERD) is a visual form of relational databases. Hence, we would relate the customer and transaction tables to obtain complete information about a transaction. For instance, knowing the information of a transaction is meaningless without knowing the customer who performed the transaction. It connects data (in tables) together in meaningful ways. RelationshipĪ relationship is a connection between two entities. A column describes a property we are interested in storing for the table it belongs to. ColumnĬolumns refer to a set of fields in tables. A table consists of columns, which are the properties of the table, and rows which are the records to store and retrieve. entities), from which we want to seek information. TableĪ relational database consists of a collection of tables (i.e. Relationships, critical elements in relational database can be added between tables to indicate that two sets of data are inter-related. Each table contributes a set of columns, which are the properties of the table that are worthwhile and need to make persist. Relational database stores data as collections of tables. Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL and PostgreSQL are some of the popular relational database management systems. Therefore, despite being challenged by object database for years, relational database still remains to be the most prevalent way of storing enterprise data to this date. Developers may use Structured Query Language (SQL) to query data, and add indexes to database for faster querying, making relational database performs well even when the amount of data increases over time. The way it stores data makes users easy to understand the structure and content of the data. Relations are defined between tables for cross referencing. Relational databases store data in collections of tables. They differ in hardware requirements, efficiency, and how data is stored, organized and accessed. Over the years, there has been a number of database types emerged, such as hierarchical database, relational database, object database, XML database etc. The history of database can be traced back to the earliest days of electronic computing.
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Oxen continue timeline differences1/25/2024 Equine power thrived on the flat, hard surface of the towpath pulling heavy weight along a narrow, relatively friction-less surface of water. Horses and mules pulled boats on the Erie Canal, which linked Albany on the Hudson River with Buffalo on Lake Erie after 1825. In transportation, animals also made key technological developments possible. By 1900, huge combines pulled by 38-horse hitches were harvesting wheat in the Palouse region of western Washington. A host of other mechanized devices soon followed to help with planting, cultivating, spraying, grinding and compressing. The invention of the horse-drawn reaper in the 1830s, however, dramatically increased how much farmers could grow and helped pay the extra cost of using horses. Labor shortages, especially for harvesting, limited agricultural production. But planting, cultivating and harvesting were still done by hand. Oxen commonly did arduous tasks that required power rather than speed. Up to the early 19 th century, animal power had played a small role in agriculture, used mostly for clearing and plowing. In agriculture, mechanization increased the use of animal power. The greatest uses of animal power were in agriculture and transportation. The majority of work animals lived and worked in cities and their surrounding hinterlands. By 1900, there was one horse or mule for every three humans in the United States. This outpaced the growth in human population, which merely tripled during those same decades. The draft animal population–the vast majority of which were horses and mules-grew six-fold between 18, from four to twenty-four million. In many instances, only the advent of electricity and internal combustion engines could displace horses from their critical role.Ĭonsequently, the use of animal power increased substantially, rather than declining, during the period from the early nineteenth century to the early twentieth century. Work animals continued to provide functions, flexibility and efficiency that steam engines lacked for many decades or would never replace. Steam technology had great power and potential, but it was primarily effective in stationary engines, or in railroad locomotives operating over long distances. In practice, animals like horses, mules and oxen were necessary complements to the newer kinds of power. The lasting significance of animal power may surprise anyone who believes that industrialization was a linear process of machines replacing muscle, or that the steam engine displaced all other forms of power. Until the 1870s, animals delivered the majority of power utilized by Americans in 1900, animals still accounted for a third of all power consumed. The hallmarks of early nineteenth century industrialization-the transportation revolution in infrastructure, commercial expansion, rising agricultural production and productivity, and urban growth-all depended on the growth and intensification in the use of animal power. After human muscle power, domesticated animals provided the most accessible, economical and efficient source of power available to Americans in the nineteenth century. |